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Method : Today I have taken 7 out of the 27 philosophers that I will be visiting in Europe and with the help of my Dictionnaire de philosophie, I am trying to present some their central philosophical ideas and contributions in a way that the non-philosopher may possibly penetrate, or at the least be able to begin questioning. Furthermore, I have also written these notes in both French and English for two reasons:
1) Writing in French is, for me, a very practical exercise since I work in a Francophone environment. Also, the origins of my philosophical thought are heavily linked to the French language and culture, and I intend to stay true to these origins as long as they provide utility and transfer.
2) Writing in English is also a practical exercise since I do inhabit a majority Anglophone society, thus communicating my work in English will provide a wider range of access to the ones interested in my life's work.
I have also added some article's that explore a philosopher's ideas/work and their link with pedagogy, because, as I have previously mentioned yesterday, I am attempting to deconstruct an idea implanted into my thought since 2015: that a good education of philosophy is a good philosophy of education. These articles will be used as reading and research material for the next steps of the writing process for my next book.
On a side note, I have also purchased my Eurail train pass for when this project takes me to Europe at the end of June.
Anyway, I hope you can learn something new and insightful with these notes and I look forward to continually updating you on the progress and process of writing The Dead Philosopher's Tour.
-Dasein the Philosopher
1) Karl Marx : Selon Arnaud Tomès, praxis est une idée principalement Marxist et que cette philosophie pragmatique ne veut pas se déclencher d’une activité rationnelle, mais au début d’un problème immédiate et concret dans la société, dans le but de transformer le monde. -Pg. 463 Dictionnaire de philosophie
According to Arnaud Tomès, Praxis is firstly a Marxist idea. This pragmatic philosophy moves past being simply a rational activity, towards starting from an immediate and concrete problem within society, in order to transform the world.
Pedagogical article: Marxian Perspectives on Educational Philosophy: From Classical Marxism to Critical Pedagogy By Douglas Kellner
2) Jeremy Bentham : Selon Jean-Pierre Cléro, Jeremy Bentham est le père de l’utilitarisme. L’utilitarisme est une position philosophique qui utilise l’idée suivante comme un axiome pour ce système éthique : « le plus grand bonheur pour le plus grand nombre ». Bentham avait écrit un étrange ouvrage nommé Chrestomathia, qui explore le problème pédagogique de qu’est-ce qu’il faut enseigner aux élèves par rapport à l’utilité? -
According to Jean-Pierre Cléro, Jeremy Bentham is the father of utilitarianism. This philosophical position holds the idea of good (and therefore as an axiom for utilitarianism’s ethical axiom) as the most pleasure or happiness for the most people. His work, strangely titled Chrestomathia explores the pedagogical problem of what should we teach kids in relation to utility?
Pedagogical article: The Invention of Facts: Bentham's Ethics and the Education of Public Taste By Malcom Quinn
3) John Locke : Selon Christophe Béal, Locke est reconnu pour ses œuvres qui ont aidé à établir l’idée que la moralité et la politique ont une relation avec le commerce et l’écriture. – pg 444 Dictionnaire de philosophie
According to Christophe Béal, Locke was known for his works that help establish the idea that morality and politics have a relation to commerce and writing.
Pedagogical article: John Locke on the Goal of Education By Sherlyn A. Layesa
4) Francis Bacon : Selon Michel Potchensky, Bacon a été inspiré par Descartes, lorsque Bacon a énoncé que la logique peut formaliser nos connaissances acquis, mais elle ne peut pas créer de nouvelles connaissances. Bacon avait aussi critiqué la méthode scientifique, dont la déduction est un outil où les expériences scientifiques ne font pas preuve de la vérité, mais que la théorie en question est seulement vrai jusqu’à ce que nous pouvions le prouver fausse et ensuite formuler une meilleure théorie, qui est plus près de la vérité. -
According to Michel Potchensky, Francis Bacon was inspired by Descartes, in stating that logic can formalize our acquired knowledge, but logic cannot create new knowledge. Bacon critiqued the scientific method, in that deduction is a tool where scientific experiments do not prove Truth, but instead, the theory in question is only true until it can be proven false and only then can a better theory be devised, a theory that is now closer to the truth.
Pedagogical article: Francis Bacon's Philosophy under Educational Perspective By Gustavo Araujo Bastisa
5) Sigmund Freud : Selon Philippe Cabestan, Freud est le père de la psychanalyse. Il est le premier à formuler une nouvelle conception de la subjectivité en introduisant l’idée de l’inconscient qui rend le moi non-maitre. Avec l’analogie de l’iceberg, la conscience est la partie visible, mais l’inconscient est la partie non-visible. L’idée central de la philosophie freudienne est la suivante : connaitre toi-même dans le but de savoir pourquoi tu dois tomber malade psychologiquement et ensuite tu serais préparé d’éviter cette possibilité. -
According to Philippe Cabestan, Freud is the father of psychoanalysis. Freud is the first to formulate a new concept of subjectivity by introducing the idea of the subconscious which renders the self a non-master. Using the analogy of the iceberg, consciousness is the part that is visible, however, the subconscious is the part that is non-visible. Central to Freudian philosophy is to know oneself with the goal of learning why you will become psychologically sick so that you can then be prepared to avoid this possibility.
Pedagogical article: Psychoanalysis and Education: Teaching Terminable and Interminable By Shoshana Felman
6) Ludwig Wiggenstien: Selon Sabine Plaud, Wiggenstein était un philosophe du langage et de la logique. Il a contribué en philosophie des mathématiques et en philosophie de la psychologie à deux moments. Le premier est avec son œuvre Tractatus logico-philosophicus (1921) et ensuite avec ses Recherches philosophiques (posthume 1953). Cette première questionne la possibilité de la représentation du monde dans le langage et cette dernière rejette toute approche dogmatique qui essaye de tirer de la signification à partir du langage, pour ensuite réfléchir sur la multiplicité d’usage du langage en général. -pg 801 Dictionnaire de philosophie
According to Sabine Plaud : Wiggenstein was a philosopher of language and of logic. Wiggenstein contributed to the philosophy of math and to the philosophy of psychology during two separate moments. The first was in 1921 with his work titled Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and again in 1953, with his posthumous work titled Philosophical Research. The first of these two works questioned the possibility of the representation of the word within Language and the second rejected all dogmatic approaches of meaning to then reflect on the multiplicity of the use of language in general. -pg 801 Dictionnaire de philosophie
Pedagogical article: Philosophy as Pedagogy: Wittgenstein's Styles of Thinking By Michael Peters
7) Baruch Spinoza : Selon Pascal Sévérac, Spinoza était influencé par le Bible et Renée Descartes. Une des thèses principales qui se trouvent dans son œuvre l’Éthique est en forme d’une définition de Dieu. Spinoza a écrit que Dieu est un « être absolument infini, c’est-à-dire une substance consistant en une infinité d’attributs, dont exprime une essence éternelle et infinie ». Spinoza croit aussi que Dieu ne transcende pas la Nature, mais que Dieu EST la Nature (Deus sive Nature). - pg 712 Dictionnaire de philosophie
According to Pascal Sévérac, Spinoza was influenced by both the Bible and Renée Descartes. A Principal thesis in Spinoza’s work can be found in his work title Ethics, in the form of a definition of God. Spinoza wrote: « By God, I understand a being absolutely infinite, i.e., a substance consisting of an infinity of attributes, of which each one expresses an eternal and infinite essence. » Spinoza also believed that God does not transcend Nature, but that God IS nature (Deus sive Nature) - pg 712 Dictionnaire de philosophie
Pedagogical article:
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